Roman Emperors
The progressive tribune Tiberius Gracchus was assassinated in 133 BC; this was, as it were, the beginning of the Great Roman Civil War of the next some 100 years.
Gaius Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BC)
Pompey Magnus (106 – 48 BC)
Mark Antony (83 – 30 BC) + Cleopatra
Gaius Octavius (63 BC – 14 AD): was called “First Citizen” (Latin: princeps); July (Julius Caesar); August (Augustus Caesar) (Augustus Caesar was a new name given to him by the Senate; Augustus means ‘be blessed’ or ’emperor’)
The changes to Roman government concomitant to the war mostly eliminated the political traditions of the Roman Republic (509–27 BC) and led to the Roman Empire (27 BC–AD 476). [WIKI]
[Horrell 171] The Roman emperors “were addressed as ‘lord’ (dominus, kurios) and acclaimed as ‘son of god’ (divi filius, huios theou)”
Reigned Name
——————- ———————–
27 BC – 14 AD Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD) (Gaius Octavius)
- the first Roman Emperor
- [Horrell 171] Augustus “was acclaimed as the ‘savior’ who had brought good news
by his establishment of peace.”
14 – 37 AD Tiberius (42 BC – 37 AD)
37 – 41 AD Caligula (12 – 41 AD) - Caligula built Isis “her first public temple” and established the festival of Osiris in Rome [Nock 1933:124]
41 – 54 AD Claudius (10 BC – 54 AD) - Ordered in 49 AD that Jews be expelled from Rome.
- He was poisoned by one of his wives, Agrippina, whose son was Nero.
- “One of them named Agabus stood up and began to indicate by the Spirit that there would certainly be a great famine all over the world. And this took place in the reign of Claudius” (Acts 11:28)
54 – 68 AD Nero (37 – 68 AD)
————– the civil war of 69: the Year of the Four Emperors ————–
69 – 79 AD Vespasian (Flavian) - Egyptian religions were flourishing during the Flavian dynasty [Nock 1933:125-26]
- Vespasian was gracious to Josephus; he even gave him his own last name Flavius
79 – 81 AD Titus (Flavian, Vespasian’s son)
81 – 96 AD Domitian (Flavian, Vespasian’s son)
———– 96-192 The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (BEGIN) —————————-
96 – 98 AD Nerva (30 – 98)
98 – 117 AD Trajan (53-117)
- Ignatius of Antioch 35-107 was martyred
- Pliny the Younger (61-113) was one of his officials
117 – 138 AD Hadrian (76-138)
138 – 161 AD Antonius Pius (86-161) - Polycarp 69-155 was martyred
161 – 169 AD Lucius Verus (130-169)
161 – 180 AD Marcus Aurelius (121-180) - Co-ruled (161-169) with his adoptive brother Lucius Verus
- persecuted Christians; much misunderstanding on Christians (e.g. cannibalism, etc)
- Lyon, Vienna에서 4-50명에 이르는 그리스도인들이 순교함
177 – 192 AD Commodus (161-192) - Marcus Aurelius’s son
- assassinated in 192
———– 96-192 The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (END) —————————-
193 – 211 AD Septimius Severus
- 최초로 로마 전역에 걸친 대규모 조직적 persecution 일으킴
Diocletian was a Roman general; but he declared himself as an emperor in 284 AD; he made a bold move to break the Empire into two: Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire
249-251 AD Decius
- 심한 박해 일으킴. Origen 185-254는 이때 당한 고문의 후유증으로 254년에 사망. Eusebius의 기록
284 – 305 AD Diocletian (244 – 311 AD)
- persecution (303-305에 걸쳐)
- M.W. Holmes p. 16: 성서를 불태우도록 명하여 많은 초기 사본들이 이때 소실되고 말았다
- Church historian Lactantius (240-320) and Eusebius witnessed Diocletian persecutions
THE BREAK-UP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 285 AD
The Western Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire
(The Byzantine Empire)
Byzantium (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient
Greek city in classical antiquity that
became known as Constantinople
in late antiquity and Istanbul today.
————————————- ————————————————–
Maximian Diocletian
City of Milan City of Nicomedia (Today’s Izmir)
Picked Constantine in 293 AD Picked Galerius as a successor
as a successor
Constantinople fell to the Ottomans
in 1453
274 – 337 AD Constantine (ruled 306-337 AD)
[SEE Constantine.JPG]
- The Edict of Milan 313
- Eusebius of Caesarea 265-340 wrote <Εκκλησιαστικη Ιστορια> (323)
- The Council of Nicene (325): The Doctrine of the Trinity
The Western Roman Empire The Eastern Roman Empire
—————————————– —————————————-
Gratianus (375-383) Theodocian
They proclaimed Christianity as the official religion of Rome (380)
- The Council of Constantinople (381 AD): Arius 논쟁의 결말을 지음